People reaching toward a glowing holographic scroll titled New Covenant outdoors at sunset

參考版本 AFV  A  Faithful Version 的希臘文 2009版本   

耶和華的事,不謀利沒有版權

1. “And these are the judgments which you shall set before them.

2. If you buy a Hebrew servant, he shall serve six years. And in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing.

3. If he came in by himself, he shall go out by himself. If he was married, then his wife shall go out with him.

4. If his master has given him a wife, and she has borne him sons or daughters, the wife and her children shall be her master’s, and he shall go out by himself.

5. And if the servant shall plainly say, ‘I love my master, my wife, and my sons. I do not want to go out free,’

6. His master shall bring him to the judges. He shall also bring him to the door or to the doorpost. And his master shall bore his ear through with an awl, and he shall serve him forever.

7. And if a man sells his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out as the menservants do.

8. If she does not please her master, who has betrothed her to himself, then he shall let her be redeemed. He shall have no power to sell her to a strange nation,

9. And if he has betrothed her to his son, he shall deal with her as with daughters.

10. If he takes himself another wife, her food, her clothing, and her duty of marriage shall not be lessened.

11. And if he does not do these three things for her, then she shall go out free without money.

 (A Faithful Version)

1. 這是要讓他們自己明白去作出判斷的事:

2. 當中有買來希伯來人為僕的,這人服事六年,第七年可回復自由身,不用補償額外費用。

3. 他是單身來,就單身離去。若已婚,可帶妻子一起。

4. 主人若為他娶妻,妻子生下的兒女,都歸主人名下,這僕人只能獨自離去。

5. 僕人若說:他們都是我的妻兒,並不願意無償離去的話。

6. 主人把這事交與要官府判決,若是勝訴,就要找一處門框或門口為他留下一個永久的記號。

7. 若是以出售方式把女兒賣作婢女,這女兒便要留下不能跟他一起離去。

8. 女兒若不願意留下,是可以等待被贖回,主人在這期間不得以出售方式轉讓給別人。

9. 又主人若已把這女兒給自己兒子配婚,應像對待嫁娶的媳婦一樣對待她。

10. 主人願意取這女兒為妻,就當得到應有的一切權益,如應得的食物、衣飾和婚姻應有的義務等。

11. 主人對這段婚姻沒有履行以上三項當盡的義務,這女兒可以自由離開,無需作出任何金錢的賠償。

上述以色列人當中有財富的一群,家中有買來的傭僕,合約只能為期六年。條例適用於男性,女性沒有這樣的機會,是因為當時社會發展出來的一個男女生態不同而來。

作為男性,他有出外發展的機會,婦女沒有這樣的外在因素,謀生困難。在這六年間,男僕有許多可能的改變,他可以娶妻生子。當勞務合約期滿,是可以有選擇,留下或離開。

這人若選擇離開,就會按他單身而來單身而去的規定,簡單了斷。若是已婚,可帶妻子離去。只是,有子女的話,子女在當時習慣,因為人在單身入宅時,什麼都沒有。只是在六年當中有了婚嫁之事,都是主人的允許下進行,妻子是允許賜予,離開時就沒有利益問題。

若有子女,似乎兒子是可以跟父母離去,唯獨女兒例外。

女兒身為何例外?最大可能性是因為之前許與男子為妻的婢女,是無償給予。兒子,主人未曾給予過也不可能有,為此,是僕人所出,就歸僕人所有。只是女兒不同,男子的妻子是贈予,在公平的情況下,僕人是償還得妻子作為贖價。從此兩不拖欠。這是以色列人行事公平的地方。

以下有更多公平處事的參考:

猶太法律源自《妥拉》並在《塔木德》中詳細闡述, 為離開主人的奴隸提供了具體保護,主要區分希伯來契約僕人和非希伯來奴隸。

對於希伯來奴隸希伯來奴隸制在很大程度上被視為臨時契約奴役, 而不是永久所有權。希伯來奴隸是 六年後自動釋放 服務(出埃及記 21 章:2; 申命記 15:12) 或在 禧年, 以先到者為準。釋放後, 主人是 禁止空手送走奴隸 並被要求提供慷慨的離別禮物,  以確保獲釋者的經濟穩定(申命記 15:13–14)。

此外,如果希伯來奴隸希望在六年任期後留在主人身邊,他必須接受耳朵穿孔儀式,以表示自願、終生致力於服務。

可以參考以下網址,可以明白更多細分部份如自願或非自願等不同處理的方式:

https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/slavery-in-judaism

The  Hebrew  term for slave,  eved, is a direct derivation from the Hebrew verb ( la’avöd (“to work”), thus, the slave in  Jewish  law is really only a worker or servant. The  eved  differs from the hired worker (sakhir) in three respects: he receives no wages for his work; he is a member of his master’s household; and, his master exercises  patria potestas  over him – for example, the master may choose a wife for the slave and retains ownership of her and he has proprietary rights in him.

這段經文有處:6. 主人把這事交與要官府判決,若是勝訴,就要找一處門框或門口為他留下一個永久的記號。該作何解?

在耳仔留下永久的記號,用意何在?相信那是立約的憑證。這憑證不用在單身的奴隸身上,是用在自己要在日後贖回自己妻兒的憑證。當時文具是件不容易有的東西。

以色列人對奴隸的態度,明顯是文明的產物。為何有這樣對待奴隸的條文出現?是因為他先祖約瑟,和摩西帶領許多人出埃及,奴隸身份是親身體會,因此,條文的寬容度很大,就有更為體諒的安排。

上述經文的翻譯本有不通達地方,是可以理解,也是該去深入明白的時候,因為有更方便的資源。不足而錯解那是能力有限,可以理解。只是為了守舊而不去更新,這不是別人的事,是自己的事。

覺得這翻譯可靠,幫自己之餘,也讓別人受益。看的時候要懂分辨,人,誰無錯的機會,歡迎指點。

亞倫的人生 - 看「書」做[夢] avatar

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